| The theory of everything (TOE) is a theory that fully | | | | Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula "E = F/g x |
| explains and links together all known physical | | | | c2" can be rewritten as "EM = F/g x c2." |
| phenomena. Nevertheless, this theory hasn't been | | | | THEORY OF EVERYTHING (TOE) |
| found yet. | | | | "EM = F/g x c2" combines gravity with |
| After Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity | | | | electromagnetism, meeting the criterion for being the |
| was published in 1915, the search for the theory of | | | | theory of everything. So we can stop rewriting |
| everything combining gravity with electromagnetism | | | | Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula. Since "EM |
| began. Though Einstein thought it was possible to find | | | | = F/g x c2" focuses on electromagnetic energy and |
| such a theory, many physicists thought the task was | | | | force per gravity, we can rename this formula |
| impossible. The "doubting Thomases" continue to this | | | | "electromagnetic-energy and force-per-gravity |
| day. | | | | equivalence." |
| Albert Einstein believed that a theory combining | | | | This formula states that electromagnetic energy |
| gravity with electromagnetism would have the ability | | | | equals force divided by gravity multiplied by the |
| to fully explain and link together all known physical | | | | speed of light squared. In other words, |
| phenomena. I agree. | | | | electromagnetic energy and force per gravity are |
| Sadly, Albert Einstein died trying to find such a | | | | equivalent - the same thing! |
| theory. Though he never found it, he left behind a | | | | Theory of Everything: Electromagnetic-Energy and |
| very valuable hint. The hint lies in his mass-energy | | | | Force-per-Gravity Equivalence |
| equivalence formula. Using basic physics, I'll attempt | | | | Formula: EM = F/g x c2where |
| to uncover the theory of everything (TOE) that's | | | | EM = electromagnetic energy, |
| buried deep within Einstein's mass-energy equivalence | | | | F = force,g = gravity,c2 = the speed of light squared. |
| formula. | | | | Notice that electromagnetic energy and gravity are |
| EINSTEIN'S MASS-ENERGY EQUIVALENCE | | | | inversely related. The stronger the gravity, the |
| In physics, mass-energy equivalence is the concept | | | | weaker the electromagnetic energy. The weaker the |
| that mass is energy, and energy is mass. This | | | | gravity, the stronger the electromagnetic energy. |
| relationship is expressed using the mass-energy | | | | GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT |
| equivalence formula | | | | You may be wondering, "Are electromagnetic energy |
| E = mc2where | | | | and gravity really inversely related? And if so, why?" |
| E = energy,m = mass,c2 = the speed of light | | | | To answer your questions, we need to turn our |
| squared. | | | | attention to a phenomenon called gravitational |
| NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION | | | | redshift. |
| F = ma (force equals mass multiplied by acceleration) | | | | Gravitational redshift occurs when electromagnetic |
| is the second law of motion proposed by Sir Isaac | | | | energy such as a light beam escapes from a |
| Newton. | | | | gravitational field. As the light beam escapes, its color |
| F = ma teaches us that accelerating or enlarging an | | | | shifts toward red. Red means that the light beam has |
| object increases its force. | | | | lost energy, has a longer wavelength, and appears to |
| For example, a car hitting a brick wall while | | | | travel slower in time. |
| accelerating to 100 miles/hour hits the wall more | | | | Gravity's ability to stretch a light beam's wavelength, |
| forcefully than a car accelerating to 10 miles/hour, if | | | | causing energy loss, and its ability to slow down a |
| both cars have the same mass. Likewise, a 10-pound | | | | light beam's speed doesn't make sense; because the |
| bowling ball hits bowling pins more forcefully than a | | | | speed and frequency of light can't be changed. |
| 1-pound bowling ball, if both balls accelerate at the | | | | In fact, gravity can't really slow down a light beam's |
| same speed. | | | | speed and frequency - but it can slow down time |
| F = ma can be rewritten as m = F/a. | | | | related to the light beam! And that's exactly how |
| Therefore Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula | | | | gravity makes a light beam appear slower with a |
| "E = mc2" can be rewritten as "E = F/a x c2." | | | | longer wavelength! |
| EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE | | | | The phenomenon of gravity slowing down time is |
| Albert Einstein's equivalence principle states that | | | | called gravitational time dilation. The stronger the |
| acceleration and gravity are equivalent. | | | | gravity field, the more time is slowed down within |
| Two scenarios illustrate this. | | | | that gravity field. The weaker the gravity field, the |
| First Scenario: Let's suppose you're standing in your | | | | less time is slowed down within that gravity field. |
| kitchen holding a cup of coffee. You release the cup. | | | | So the stronger the gravitational field, the stronger |
| The cup falls to the kitchen floor, spilling coffee on | | | | the gravitational redshift. And the weaker the |
| the floor. | | | | gravitational field, the weaker the gravitational |
| Second Scenario: Let's suppose you jumped out of a | | | | redshift. |
| highflying airplane while holding a cup of coffee. | | | | SUMMARY |
| You're free-falling weightlessly. You release the cup. | | | | In summarizing, the Electromagnetic-Energy and |
| The cup floats weightlessly next to you; spilled | | | | Force-per-Gravity Equivalence (EEFpGE) formula |
| coffee floats weightlessly next to you and the cup. | | | | combines gravity with electromagnetism, giving it the |
| In the first scenario, you're under gravity's influence. | | | | ability to fully explain and link together all known |
| You're gravitating instead of accelerating. In the | | | | physical forces. You can see that strong force, weak |
| second scenario, you're under acceleration's influence. | | | | force, or any other force can easily incorporate into |
| You're accelerating instead of gravitating. | | | | this formula. |
| By substituting for gravity, acceleration can cancel | | | | The Electromagnetic-Energy and Force-per-Gravity |
| gravity's effects. In fact, acceleration and gravity are | | | | Equivalence (EEFpGE) theory makes the following |
| the same thing! Now you know why astronauts float | | | | assumptions: |
| weightlessly within an accelerating space shuttle | | | | Assumption #1: Electromagnetic energy and force per |
| orbiting the Earth. | | | | gravity are equivalent - the same thing! |
| Using "g" to symbolize gravity, Einstein's mass-energy | | | | Assumption #2: Electromagnetic energy and gravity |
| equivalence formula "E = F/a x c2" can be rewritten | | | | are inversely related. |
| as "E = F/g x c2." | | | | Assumption #3: The stronger the gravity, the more |
| ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY | | | | time slows down. |
| Electromagnetic energy is a specific type of energy. | | | | Assumption #4: Since the EEFpGE theory combines |
| Examples of electromagnetic energy are radio | | | | gravity with electromagnetism, it meets the criterion |
| frequencies, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared | | | | for being the theory of everything. |
| radiation, visible radiation (light), ultraviolet light, x-rays, | | | | Assumption #5: The EEFpGE theory can fully explain |
| and gamma rays. | | | | and link together all known physical phenomena. |
| Using "EM" to symbolize electromagnetic energy, | | | | |