| The story of the Hebrew people in Egypt is told in | | | | Dudimose, 36th ruler of the 13th Dynasty. {The Bible |
| the Old Testament and the Passover Haggadah, | | | | describes him as, "Pharaoh who knew not Joseph"}. |
| primarily as regards miracles being performed to | | | | 7. M. Bietek, in his dig at Tel ed-Baba, which he dated |
| achieve their escape from slavery - miracles of the | | | | to the middle of the 14th Dynasty, found shallow |
| "Ten Plagues" and of Moses splitting the Red Sea | | | | mass graves all over the city of Avaris - clear |
| during the Exodus. The saga of Hebrew-Israelites in | | | | evidence of some type of sudden major and |
| Egypt begins with Joseph - sold by his ten older | | | | widespread catastrophe {not unlike what would result |
| brothers, angry at his arrogance - to itinerant | | | | from a biblical "Tenth Plague", death of all first-born}. |
| Ishmaelites, who resell him into slavery in Egypt. | | | | In addition, site-archaeology suggests that the |
| Through his abilities at dream-interpretation and | | | | remaining population had abandoned their homes |
| subsequently at executive administration, Joseph | | | | quickly and en masse; |
| eventually is appointed vizier (second in authority) to | | | | 8. Information from the extra-biblical source of |
| Pharaoh, and through enforced hoarding of grain | | | | Josephus, a Roman historian born a Jew - who aided |
| through seven bountiful years (building storage cities), | | | | Titus in his conquest of Jerusalem in 67 AD, and was |
| saves Egypt, the entire Mid-East and the Hebrews | | | | then, as a reward, given the Temple Scrolls - quotes |
| from famine. (Extra-biblical source, "It was during the | | | | Monetho, an Egyptian priest, circa 300 BC, regarding |
| reign of Djoser that Egypt became a great power .. | | | | the "easy" conquest of mighty Egypt by the Hyksos. |
| great riches .. accumulated .. grain sold .. years of | | | | {Bible - Egypt's loss of its entire army of 600 chariots |
| famine .. ".) Joseph then brings his brothers and father | | | | and charioteers at the Red Sea seems a reasonable |
| plus their families (totaling seventy) to Egypt, where | | | | explanation}. |
| the sojourn of Hebrews in Egypt begins. Centuries | | | | 9. A highly important extra-biblical source of |
| later, a Pharaoh "who knew not Joseph", concerned | | | | corroborative detail to many of the narratives of the |
| that their high birth rate could become a threat, | | | | ten-plagues and the Exodus events of both Bible and |
| enslaves them, then institutes drownings of | | | | Hebrew-Passover-Haggadah, is the Ipuwer Papyrus |
| male-babies - and the chapter of Moses begins. | | | | Scroll - Leiden 344. Found in Egypt in the early 19th |
| There are many extra-biblical Egyptian references | | | | century, it was taken to the Leiden Museum in |
| giving credence to the above story: | | | | Holland where it remains. Described in many books |
| | | | about ancient Egypt, it is a papyrus scroll over |
| 1. Slaves building monuments in Egypt - Papyrus, | | | | twelve feet in length, called "Admonitions of Ipuwer". |
| Leiden #348, "Distribute grain to the Habirus (or Apiru | | | | It was written during the 19th dynasty (the Middle |
| - Hebrews) who carry stones to the great pylon of | | | | Kingdom period) by a scribe/historian named Ipuwer, |
| Rameses," Mural paintings indicate starving men with | | | | and interpreted in 1909 by A. H. Gardiner. The scroll |
| prominent spavined ribs.) | | | | describes violent events in Egypt which seem to |
| 2. An Austrian dig of dwellings and tombs at | | | | parallel the Biblical ten plagues and the Exodus story - |
| Tel-ed-Daba, Egypt, in 1989, discovered ancient cities | | | | it seems a description of a society in total crisis, |
| near Goshen. Data from 800 drill cores gave evidence | | | | providing, in essence, an eyewitness account of |
| of a large number of Asian, non-Egyptian slaves; | | | | extreme and unusual occurrences: |
| eleven levels at the site indicate many generations | | | | 10. - "What the ancestors had foretold has |
| during the 12th and 13th Egyptian dynasties | | | | happened", (Imhotep/Joseph, approximately 260 |
| {compatible in duration and time period to the Biblical | | | | years earlier, had foretold the exodus of the |
| history of the Hebrew sojourn as slaves in Egypt}: | | | | Hebrews from Egypt.) {Gen. 50:24-26} |
| 3. The Brooklyn Papyrus 35.1446, tells of the reign of | | | | 11. - "We don't know what has happened in the land." |
| Pharaoh Sobekhotep, containing over 95 names of | | | | 12. - "The river is blood .. there is blood everywhere, |
| slaves, more than half are Semitic, seven being Biblical | | | | no shortage of death .. many dead are buried in the |
| names {including the name of one of the two | | | | river .. lacking are grain, charcoal .. trees are felled .. |
| midwives named in the Bible, "Shiphrah"}, | | | | food is lacking .. great hunger and suffering". {The |
| 4. In direct conformity with the Bible {the killing of | | | | first plague}; |
| male Hebrew babies - infant Moses is saved by | | | | 13. - "destruction of grain" {The plague of hail or |
| Egyptian princess} was the discovery of unusual | | | | locusts}; |
| demographic burial data at Tel-ed-Daba - 65% of the | | | | 14. - "animals moaning and roaming freely"; |
| graves were of babies less than 18 months old, | | | | 15. - "darkness" {The ninth plague}; |
| compared to a normal percentage of 20-30%. In | | | | 16. - Deaths of the "children of princes, prisoners, |
| addition there were far more graves of adult females | | | | brothers" {The tenth plague, deaths of all the |
| than of males (conforming to male infants being killed | | | | first-born}; |
| at birth.); | | | | 17. - "Gone is what yesterday has seen. See now, |
| 5. Historians of the 300 BC era, Eusebies and | | | | the land is deprived of kingship. See, all the ranks, |
| Artapanus, with ancient records from the library at | | | | they are not in their place .. like a herd that roams |
| Alexandria, tell of Mouses {Moses}, an Egyptian | | | | without a herdsman." |
| prince who led a military campaign against Ethiopia. | | | | 18. - "Poor .. have become .. of wealth .. Gold and lapis |
| The Roman historian, Josephus and a stela fragment | | | | lazuli, silver and malachite, carnelian and bronze are |
| in the British Museum, indicate such an event | | | | strung on to the necks of female slaves." {"...and |
| occurred during the reign of Pharaoh | | | | they requested from the Egyptians, silver and gold |
| Khenepres-Sobekhotep. Also supporting the story of | | | | articles. And God made the Egyptians favor them and |
| the military campaign by Moses was a statue of | | | | they granted their request." Ex. 12:35-36}; |
| Sobekhotep {Moses' stepfather} found on the island | | | | 19. - "See, he who slept wifeless found a |
| of Argo, proving that Egyptian conquest and | | | | noblewoman .. "are no more"." (This, written long |
| authority extended to 200 kilometers from Egypt. | | | | afterwards, obviously describes conditions after the |
| Egyptian historians wrote that Mouses' fame caused | | | | loss of the Egyptian army and the upper-class male |
| Sobekhotep to target him {causing him to flee from | | | | officers. Note: This also supports the request of the |
| Egypt to Midian - as in the Bible story, however, the | | | | "royal" widow of Pharaoh, lost in the Red Sea, in a |
| Bible and the Jewish Haggadah say the cause was | | | | remarkable Amarna letter to the King of the |
| Moses killing an Egyptian slave-driver who was | | | | neighboring Hittites, asking for one of his sons to |
| beating a Hebrew}; | | | | become her new husband. |
| 6. The Pharaoh of the Exodus is identified as King | | | | |